Ethereum Foundation has published its first Trillion Dollar Security (1TS) report, outlining six urgent security vulnerabilities within the Ethereum ecosystem. This report aims to bolster Ethereum's security posture to enable confident institutional and sovereign adoption.
The 1TS report highlights key areas of concern: user experience (UX) security, smart contract risks, infrastructure and cloud security, consensus protocol robustness, monitoring and incident management, and social-layer governance vulnerabilities.
User experience security focuses on protecting users from phishing scams, wallet mismanagement, and transaction confusion, as these often represent the weakest security link. Smart contract vulnerabilities remain critical due to the composability of DeFi and NFTs, where bugs or logical flaws can cause massive financial losses.
Infrastructure challenges stress the need for securing nodes, RPC endpoints, and cloud services to prevent single points of failure or breaches compromising network integrity. Consensus protocol security involves safeguarding Ethereum’s proof-of-stake mechanism against attacks such as 51% attempts, ensuring network liveness and censorship resistance.
Monitoring and incident response capabilities are essential for real-time detection and coordinated management of security breaches. Finally, social layer and governance risks emphasize the human element, including social engineering, governance manipulation, and communication breakdowns, which can threaten the entire ecosystem’s stability.
The report serves as a roadmap to guide coordination across the Ethereum research community, developers, and projects toward comprehensive security upgrades necessary for Ethereum’s scalability and institutional trust. Historical security challenges such as the DAO hack underscore the importance of these improvements.