Ethereum has set a new benchmark in scalability by reaching 24,192 transactions per second (TPS), a milestone largely powered by Layer 2 (L2) solutions. This record was achieved with significant contributions from L2 networks, including L2 Lighter, which has processed approximately 4,000 TPS since its debut, underscoring the critical role of L2s in enhancing Ethereum's transaction throughput.
Analytics platform GrowThePie predicts that the Ethereum Mainnet could scale to 10,000 TPS by 2031, driven by the rapid expansion of L2 ecosystems. Currently, the Mainnet averages 18.6 TPS, requiring a 537-fold increase to meet this goal. Historical data reveals Ethereum has already scaled from 0.71 TPS in 2015 to 18.6 TPS today, marking a 26.2x improvement over the past decade.
Key L2 networks are demonstrating robust growth: Arbitrum One recorded 3.56 million transactions and 242,780 active addresses between May and November 2025, with a total value locked (TVL) of $16.34 billion and a stablecoin supply of $7.91 billion. Similarly, Optimism Mainnet showed steady gains with 38,500 active addresses, 2.03 million transactions, and a TVL of $2.75 billion.
ZKsync experienced a price surge after Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin tweeted, "ZKsync has been doing a lot of underrated and valuable work in the Ethereum ecosystem. Excited to see this come from them!" The network's Atlas upgrade promises 15,000+ TPS and 1-second finality, drastically reducing latency for cross-chain operations.
Fee efficiency highlights the advantages of L2s, with Mainnet transfers costing $0.7023 on average compared to just $0.0031 on L2 networks. The Ethereum ecosystem sustains strong on-chain performance, averaging 499.1 TPS with peaks of 5,513 TPS. Application revenue has climbed to $41.8 million, with L2s contributing 15.73%, while the stablecoin supply stands at $188.6 billion, with L2s accounting for 7.77%.
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